Relative Clauses

Reduced Relative Clauses

3 min read

You may remove the relative pronoun and reduce your sentence in certain conditions.

The boy who wants  to talk to you is waiting for you.
The boy wanting  to talk to you is waiting for you.

Relative Clause Reduction Rules


1. In defining clauses, we can omit the relative pronoun in the position of object.

The boy who / whom / that you don’t like much wants to talk to you.
The boy you don’t like much wants to talk to you.

Note   In non-defining sentences you neither omit the relative pronoun nor use "that".

My mother, who / whom that  you met yesterday, wants to talk to you.
My mother you met yesterday. .


2 We can use participles when reducing the sentence.

a   Present Participle V-ing (simultaneous)

We stood on the bridge which connects  the two halves of the city.
We stood on the bridge connecting  the two halves of the city.(Present Participle)


b   Past Participle V3 or being V3 (passive simultaneous)

Two boy who was  attacked by a dog was taken to hospital.
Two boy attacked  by a dog was taken to hospital. (Past Participle)


c   Perfect Participle having V3 (active-explaining sth.happened before the others)

The girl who has asked  a question is very clever.
The girl having asked  a question is very clever.(Perfect Participle)


d   Perfect passive participle having been V3 (passive-explaining sth happened before the others)

The teacher who has been asked  a question is very clever.
The teacher having been asked  a question is very clever.(Perfect passive participle)



3 If "To be" verb is used after a relative pronoun we can omit "Relative Pronoun + To be".

The car which is  parked next to mine is very expensive.
The car parked  next to mine is very expensive.

Hamlet  which was  written by Shakespeare sometime in the early 1600s, is among the classics.
Hamlet  written  by Shakespeare sometime in the early 1600s, is among the classics.


4 When the verb “have” meaning possession, we can omit relative pronoun and “have” and use with(+) or without(-).

Students who have  enough knowledge and skills will be admitted.
Students with  enough knowledge and skills will be admitted.

People who don’t have  their ID cards can not get in.
People without  their ID cards can not get in. 


5 We can use infinitive “to” in the cases below.

1 The only...to
2 Superlative...to
3 The first, last, second, next...to

John is the only  person who understands me.
John is the only person to  understand me.

Tom is the most handsome  boy who came in this school.
Tom is the most handsome boy to  come in this school.

Jack is the first  person who has handed in this exam.
Jack is the first person to have handed in this exam.